Survey Matrix

Antrozous pallidus | pallid bat

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Fly low to ground and readily captured in nets, often in upland habitats.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Easy to detect colonies in man-made roosts; difficult in most natural roosts (e.g., trees and rock crevices). Frequently uses man-made roosts (e.g., mines, bridges, buildings) in parts of its range. Often found in night roosts, especially mines and bridges.

Identification | Roost conspicuous, easy to identify. Guano with characteristic culled insect parts, particularly Jerusalem crickets and scorpions, often distinctive.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Subset of calls diagnostic, particularly if it gives a “directive” call.

Active Acoustic | Visually distinctive.

Choeronycteris mexicana | Mexican long-tongued bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 0

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effectiveness of netting depends on habitat type.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Difficult to find.

Identification | Easy to detect in roost.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Difficult to detect acoustically.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved.

Active Acoustic | Indistinguishable from Leptonycteris species, except at very close range (e.g. hummingbird feeders).

Corynorhinus townsendii | Townsend's big-eared bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 2

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effective at avoiding mist nets.

Identification | Morphologically similar to Idionycteris phyllotis.

Roost Location | Most effectively found by searching for colonial roosts, in mines and caves. Roosts in buildings in coastal portion of range. Some portions of range, particularly Canada and some desert areas, roosts very difficult to locate.

Identification | Easy to locate and identify in roost.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Difficult to detect acoustically, low intensity calls (“whispering bat”).

Identification | Calls, when detected, are diagnostic.

Active Acoustic | Visually distinctive in most settings.

Eptesicus fuscus | big brown bat

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 3

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting  |  Readily captured in mist nets, but problematic in open areas, especially where water is abundant.

Identification  |  Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location  |  Easy to locate man-made roosts; difficult to identify most natural roosts (e.g., trees and rock crevices). Natural roosts dominate throughout much of range. Night roost surveys often effective.

Identification  |  Colonies often conspicuous, species easy to identify.

Passive Acoustic Detection  |  Easy.

Identification  |  Subset of sequences diagnostic, acoustic overlap with Lasionycteris and Tadarida.

Active Acoustic  |  Visually distinctive in flight.

Euderma maculatum | spotted bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Can be effective where water is a limiting factor in xeric conditions, although netting is not effective in many portions of range.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Non-colonial, cliff-roosting; very difficult to locate and generally inaccessible.

Identification | Unknown; no roosts have been visually inspected; only locations have been from a distance using radio-telemetry.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically, with microphones sensitive to audible frequencies. Calls are audible to many people.

Identification | Most sequences diagnostic, except in areas of geographic overlap with Idionycteris phyllotis.

Active Acoustic | Difficult to distinguish from I. phyllotis; otherwise, distinctive in flight.

Eumops perotis | western mastiff bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 1

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effectiveness of netting varies regionally. Have been netted where open flight paths are evident, or water is limiting. Forage at considerable heights; captured at drinking sites.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Most roost in cliffs and are highly inaccessible, quite frequently in building roosts. Can sometimes be found by surveying for guano and listening for loud chatter along base of cliffs.

Identification | Generally requires monitoring at emergence.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically (better with low frequency microphone). Calls in the audible range for many people.

Identification | Calls diagnostic.

Active Acoustic | Distinctive except in areas of overlap with Eumops underwoodi.

Eumops underwoodi | Underwood's mastiff bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 0

    Roost
  • 1

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Logistically difficult, requiring net sets over large bodies of water.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Poorly known; one study radiotracked to saguaro cactus.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically (better with low frequency microphone). Calls in the audible range for many people.

Identification | Calls diagnostic except where range overlaps with Nyctinomops macrotis.

Active Acoustic | Distinctive except in areas of overlap with Eumops perotis and N. macrotis.

Idionycteris phyllotis | Allen's big-eared bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 2

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Captured infrequently in mist nets; demonstrates loyalty to particular water sources, but may be difficult to locate in initial surveys.

Identification | Morphologically similar to Corynorhinus townsendii.

Roost Location | Easy to detect in man-made roosts (e.g., mines); difficult in natural roosts (e.g., trees, rock crevices).

Identification | Easy, roost in clusters on open surface (e.g., domes of mines). May be confused with C. townsendii.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically (with low frequency microphone).

Identification | Most sequences diagnostic, except can be difficult to distinguish from Euderma maculatum. Geographic overlap with E. maculatum throughout much of its range. Highly distinctive social call.

Active Acoustic | Can be difficult to distinguish from E. maculatum.

Lasionycteris noctivagans | silver-haired bat

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 2

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Vulnerability to net capture varies with habitat, but generally quite susceptible to capture. Captured over water sources, large and small.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Very difficult to locate in natural roosts (e.g. trees and snags).

Identification | Unlikely to locate via roost search, but can be distinguished visually in flight upon exit.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Some calls distinctive, but overlap with Tadarida and Eptesicus. In areas without Tadarida, many sequences are diagnostic.

Active Acoustic | With experience can be distinguished visually in flight.

Lasiurus blossevillii | western red bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Sometimes captured in mist nets, but foraging areas often not suitable for netting (e.g., over large water sources).

Identification | Morphologically distinct except where overlaps with Lasiurus borealis.

Roost Location | Non-colonial. Very difficult to locate tree roosts.

Identification | Difficult to locate bats in foliage, easy to identify except where overlaps with L. borealis.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Most sequences diagnostic, in areas without L. borealis. In areas with L. borealis, extensive acoustic overlap, but probably distinguishable statistically. Some acoustic overlap with Parastrellus hesperus.

Active Acoustic | Distinctive in flight except in areas with L. borealis.

Lasiurus borealis | eastern red bat

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured over water and in side channels in eastern United States.

Identification | Morphologically distinct except where overlaps with Lasiurus blossevillii.

Roost Location | Difficult to locate tree roosts.

Identification | Difficult to locate bats in foliage, easy to identify except where overlaps with L. blossevillii.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Most sequences diagnostic, in areas without L. blossevillii. In areas with L. blossevillii, extensive acoustic overlap, but probably distinguishable statistically.

Active Acoustic | Distinctive in flight except in areas with L. blossevillii.

Lasiurus cinereus | hoary bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Fly high; often under-represented in net captures. Often forages in areas that cannot be feasibly netted.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Non-colonial. Very difficult to locate tree roosts.

Identification | Difficult to locate bats in foliage, but easy to distinguish from other species.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Many calls diagnostic throughout much of its range; subset of calls overlap with Tadarida and Nyctinomops femorosacccus.

Active Acoustic | Distinctive in flight.

Lasiurus xanthinus | southern yellow bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured in some habitats; apparently difficult in others. Not enough known about appropriate habitats.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Difficult to locate tree roosts. Can sometimes be located by monitoring palm trees at emergence time.

Identification | Difficult to observe in roost, but easy to identify during emergence from roost.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Most sequences diagnostic, but some acoustic overlap with Lasiurus borealis and Eptesicus fuscus.

Active Acoustic | Reasonably distinctive in flight.

Leptonycteris curasoae | lesser long-nosed bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 1

    Roost
  • 0

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effectiveness of netting depends on habitat type.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Roosts in mines and caves; highly colonial.

Identification | Easy to detect and identify in roost except in areas of overlap with Leptonycteris nivalis.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Difficult to detect acoustically.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved.

Active Acoustic | Indistinguishable in flight from L. nivalis and Choeronycteris, except possibly at very close range (e.g. hummingbird feeders).

Leptonycteris nivalis | Mexican long-nosed bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 1

    Roost
  • 0

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effectiveness of netting depends on habitat type.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Roosts in mines and caves; colonial.

Identification | Easy to locate and identify, except in areas of overlap with Leptonycteris curasoae.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Unknown, but presumably difficult to detect acoustically.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved.

Active Acoustic | Indistinguishable in flight from L. curasoae and Choeronycteris, except possibly at very close range (e.g. hummingbird feeders).

Macrotus californicus | California leaf-nosed bat

0

Netting
  • 4

    Netting
  • 1

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Avoids mist nets.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Most effectively found by searching for colonial roosts, primarily in mines and caves.

Identification | Easy to locate and identify in roost.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Difficult to detect acoustically.

Identification | Subset of calls diagnostic.

Active Acoustic | Can identify visually at close range.

Mormoops megalophylla | ghost-faced bat

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 2

    Roost
  • 1

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured in nets, but very delicate and often die. Suggest using harp traps.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Roosts in caves.

Identification | Presumably easy to locate and identify when present.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Calls highly diagnostic.

Active Acoustic | So distinctive acoustically that visual observation does not contribute to identification.

Myotis auriculus | southwestern myotis

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 0

    Acoustic, passive
  • 0

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured in mist nets.

Identification | Morphologically distinct except where range overlaps with Myotis evotis.

Roost Location | Easy to detect in man-made roosts; difficult in most natural roosts. Likely that natural roosts dominate.

Identification | Roost in small groups. Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Probably many sequences diagnostic except in area of geographic overlap with M. evotis.

Active Acoustic | Visual cues will not help distinguish from M. evotis.

Myotis californicus | California myotis

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 4

    Roost
  • 3

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting  |  Readily captured in mist nets.

Identification  |  Morphologically similar to Myotis ciliolabrum. Can be distinguished from M. ciliolabrum by combination of capture and recording of hand-release echolocation call.

Roost Location  |  Can be found in man-made roosts, but generally non-colonial and crevice-roosting; most roosts not man-made and difficult to find. Sometimes found in night roosts.

Identification  |  Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection  |  Easy.

Identification  |  Difficult to distinguish from Myotis yumanensis.

Active Acoustic  |  Flight behavior distinguishes it from M. yumanensis in most settings.

Myotis ciliolabrum | western small-footed myotis

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured in nets in some portions of its range, but vulnerability to netting may vary regionally.

Identification | Morphologically similar to Myotis californicus. Can be reliably identified using combination of morphological and acoustic data.

Roost Location | Predominantly non-colonial. Frequently inhabits mines, but natural roosts likely dominate, and difficult to find. Sometimes found in night roosts.

Identification | Roost in small groups. Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Not currently distinguishable from other 40 kH Myotis.

Active Acoustic | Can sometimes be distinguished when observed in flight, but requires experience.

Myotis evotis | long-eared myotis

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 2

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured in mist nets at both aquatic and terrestrial sites.

Identification | Morphologically distinct except in areas of overlap with Myotis auriculus, M. keenii, or M. septentrionalis. Also similarity to M. thysanodes in some regions.

Roost Location | Can be detected in man-made roosts, but often cryptic; difficult in most natural roosts (e.g., trees and rock crevices). Natural roosts dominate. Sometimes in night roosts, particularly mines and bridges, although extent to which these features are used varies regionally.

Identification | Small colonies. Generally crevice roosting. Often requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Intermediate intensity calls.

Identification | Subset of sequences diagnostic except in area of geographic overlap with M. auriculus, M. septentrionalis or possibly M. keenii. Also possible confusion under some habitat conditions with 40 kHz Myotis.

Active Acoustic | May be helpful in distinguishing it from short-eared Myotis.

Myotis keenii | Keen's myotis

0

Netting
  • 4

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 0

    Acoustic, passive
  • 0

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Difficult to find. Most netting records from known cave roosts.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved, but probably difficult to distinguish from M. evotis. Due to uncertainties regarding identification, morphometric data, hand-release calls, and wing-biopsy should be collected from all individuals.

Roost Location | Can be detected in caves and buildings, but difficult in tree roosts. Tree roosts probably dominate.

Identification | Small colonies and difficult to distinguish from M. evotis. Often requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Presumably has intensity similar to M. evotis.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved, but likely difficult to distinguish from M. evotis.

Active Acoustic | Unknown.

Myotis lucifugus | little brown myotis

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 3

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily netted in some areas; net-avoidance in others.

Identification | Morphologically similar to Myotis yumanensis and M. occultus. Can be reliably identified using combination of morphological and acoustic data.

Roost Location | Frequently in man-made roosts (e.g., mines, bridges, buildings) in parts of its range. Difficult to find in most natural roosts (e.g., trees and rock crevices). Sometimes found in night roosts.

Identification | Highly colonial and easy to detect in man-made roosts. Often requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Some calls/sequences diagnostic, though probably not distinguishable from M. occultus in areas of geographic overlap. Difficult to distinguish from other 40 kH Myotis.

Active Acoustic | Flight behavior sometimes distinctive, particularly over water.

Myotis occultus | Arizona myotis

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 4

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Fairly easy to capture in nets.

Identification | May be difficult to distinguish from Myotis lucifugus in areas of overlap.

Roost Location | Roost in man-made roosts, but natural roosts dominate. Can often be found in night roosts.

Identification | Easy to detect in man-made roosts; difficult in most natural roosts. Often requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved but probably difficult to distinguish acoustically from other 40 kH Myotis.

Active Acoustic | Difficult to distinguish visually.

Myotis septentrionalis | northern myotis

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 2

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | More successful in interior forest than over water in eastern deciduous forest; harp traps set in gaps between trees effective in South Dakota and Wyoming. Occasionally captured over water.

Identification | Easy except where range overlaps with M. evotis.

Roost Location | Surveys for night roosts and hibernacula can be effective; day roosts under bark.

Identification | Very cryptic in day roosts. Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Intermediate intensity calls.

Identification | Many sequences diagnostic, but overlap with other 40kH Myotis, particularly M. lucifugus. Also potential for confusion with M. evotis.

Active Acoustic | May be helpful in distinguishing it from small-eared Myotis. Often flies in cluttered settings where identification can be difficult.

Myotis thysanodes | fringed myotis

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 2

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Readily captured in mist nets (often on secondary streams in northwestern portion of range).

Identification | Generally easy, but morphologically similar to M. evotis in some regions.

Roost Location | Can be detected in man-made roosts, but difficult in most natural roosts (e.g., trees and rock crevices). Natural roosts dominate. Sometimes found in night roosts.

Identification | Small colonies and often in crevices. Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Intermediate intensity calls.

Identification | Many sequences/calls diagnostic. Possible confusion with Antrozous pallidus.

Active Acoustic | Flight behavior, in combination with call morphology, sometimes helpful.

Myotis velifer | cave myotis

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 1

    Roost
  • 3

    Acoustic, passive
  • 3

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Limited usefulness in some habitats.

Identification | Morphologically distinct, but potentially confused with Myotis occultus or M. lucifugus.

Roost Location | Primarily in caves and rock crevices, but occasionally in buildlings.

Identification | Roost colonially; can be confused with other colonially roosting Myotis and Eptesicus fuscus.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Overlap with other 40 kHz Myotis. Acoustic identification best in areas without other 40 kHz Myotis.

Active Acoustic | Visually similar to other 40 kHz Myotis.

Myotis volans | long-legged myotis

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 2

    Roost
  • 4

    Acoustic, passive
  • 3

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effectiveness of netting varies regionally, and setting makes a difference.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Can be found in man-made roosts; difficult in most natural roosts. Natural roosts dominate. Often found in night roosts.

Identification | Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Issues currently unresolved with other 40 kH Myotis.

Active Acoustic | Flight behavior can be distinctive, i.e., long tail membrane.

Myotis yumanensis | Yuma myotis

0

Netting
  • 1

    Netting
  • 2

    Roost
  • 3

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Water-skimming foraging style makes this species highly vulnerable to capture in mist-nets set over still water.

Identification | Morphologically similar to M. lucifugus and M. occultus. Can be distinguished from these two species by a combination of capture and recording of hand-release echolocation call.

Roost Location | Commonly in man-made roosts. Form large aggregations in night roosts, particularly bridges. Difficult to locate most natural roosts.

Identification | Highly colonial and easy to detect in man-made roosts. Requires handling for positive identification.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Difficult to distinguish from M. californicus, though some calls diagnostic (50kH Myotis).

Active Acoustic | Flight behavior, particularly water skimming, distinctive.

Nyctinomops femorosaccus | pocketed free-tailed bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 3

    Roost
  • 2

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Effective in low-elevation canyon sites, and near known roosts.

Identification | Morphologically distinct, but potentially confused with Tadarida brasiliensis.

Roost Location | Roosts often inaccessible. Roosts primarily in cliffs. Sometimes possible to find roosts by surveying for guano and listening for chatter at base of cliffs.

Identification | Generally requires monitoring at emergence.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically, calls in the audible range for many people.

Identification | Subset of calls/sequences diagnostic, some overlap with both Tadarida and Lasiurus cinereus.

Active Acoustic | Useful for distinguishing from L. cinereus.

Nyctinomops macrotis | big free-tailed bat

0

Netting
  • 3

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 1

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Records extremely limited suggesting serious challenges.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Generally cliffs and rock crevices; often inaccessible. Also known to use building and tree roosts. Guano deposits and chatter can potentially be used to locate roosts, but generally not effective.

Identification | Generally requires monitoring at emergence.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically (best with low frequency microphone), calls in audible range for some people.

Identification | Most calls diagnostic, but overlap with Eumops underwoodi and possibly E. perotis. Species poorly known.

Active Acoustic | Indistinguishable from Eumops in flight.

Parastrellus hesperus | western pipistrelle

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 5

    Roost
  • 1

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | Captured in nets fairly readily, although often fly high.

Identification | Morphologically distinct.

Roost Location | Predominantly cliff-roosting. Some roosting in man-made structures, particularly mines.

Identification | Usually non-colonial or small colonies. Can be identified visually at very close range.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Most calls diagnostic, although some overlap with Lasiurus blossevillii.

Active Acoustic | Visually distinctive.

Tadarida brasiliensis | Mexican free-tailed bat

0

Netting
  • 2

    Netting
  • 1

    Roost
  • 1

    Acoustic, passive
  • 1

    Acoustic + Visual, active

Netting | While sometimes captured in mist nets, this species flies high and is generally more abundant than net captures would suggest.

Identification | Generally distinctive, but potentially confused with Nyctinomops femorosaccus.

Roost Location | Highly colonial and easy to detect in man-made roosts; difficult in most natural roosts. Natural roosts (e.g., cliff roosts) dominate in large portion of range. Commonly in man-made roosts in portion of its range.

Identification | Easy to locate and identify in most roosts. Guano and odor distinctive.

Passive Acoustic Detection | Easy to detect acoustically.

Identification | Some calls overlap with other species (Lasionysteris, Eptesicus, L. cinereus, N. femorosaccus), but fair proportion are diagnostic. In most settings this would be the easiest way to detect the species.

Active Acoustic | Visually distinctive except where overlaps with N. femorosaccus.

This is a unique website which will require a more modern browser to work! Please upgrade today!