Mollosidae, or free-tailed bats, belong to the order Chiroptera. The family’s common name is derived from a length of “free” tail, projecting beyond the end of the uropatagium – the membrane that connects the base of the tail to the hind legs. The tail is usually best seen when resting. A special ring of cartilage slides up or down the tail vertebrae by muscular action to stretch or retract the tail membrane. This gives many species a degree of fine tuning in their flight maneuvers to rival their day-flying ecological equivalents, such as swifts, swallows, and martins. As a result, these animals include the fastest-flying of all bat species among their number.
Eumops perotis | greater mastiff bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Bat Conservation International. 2002. Eumops perotis: Greater bonneted bat. Accessed March 24, 2005.
Best, T. L., W. M. Kiser, and P. W. Freeman. 1996. Eumops perotis. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 534:1-8.
Brown, P.E. and R. D. Berry. 2003. Baseline surveys and the development of monitoring protocol for Lower Colorado River bat species. Report prepared for NFWF, Washington D.C. for the Lower Colorado River Multi-Species Conservation Program. Project # 2000-0304-002. 76pp.
Brown, P. E., and R. D. Berry. 2004. Roost surveys and habitat requirements of rare southwestern bats: California leaf-nosed and Allen’s lappet-browed bats, with observations on Townsend’s big-eared and western mastiff bats.
NatureServe. 2005. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 4.3. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. Accessed March 24, 2005.
Nevada Bat Working Group. Checklist of Bats of Nevada. Accessed March 24, 2005.
New Mexico Game and Fish Department. Biota Information System of New Mexico (BISON). Greater western mastiff bat. Accessed March 24, 2005.
Pierson, E. D., and W. E. Rainey. 1996. Distribution, habitat associations, status, and survey methodologies for three molossid bat species (Eumops perotis, Nyctinomops femorosaccus, Nyctinomops macrotis) and the vespertilionid (Euderma maculatum). Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Bird and Mammal Conservation Program Rep. 96-8, 46 pp.3
Rainey, W. E., E. D. Pierson, and C. J. Corben. 2003. Sacramento River Ecological Indicators Pilot Study. Contract Report for the Nature Conservancy, Chico, CA.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 188 pp.
Siders, M.S., M.J. Rabe, T.K. Snow and K. Yasuda. 1999. Long foraging distances in two uncommon bat species (Euderma maculatum and Eumops perotis) in Northern Arizona. P 113-122 in van Riper, C., III, and M.A. Stuart, eds, Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Conference of Research on the Colorado Plateau. U.S. Geological Survey/FRESC Report Series USGSFRESC/COPL/1999/16.
Snow, T. K., S. V. Castner, S. R. MacVean, C. R. Miller, and D. C. Noel. 1996. Spotted bat survey of the North Kaibab Ranger District (Coconino County, Arizona). Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, AZ, Technical Report, 102:1-26.
Steffensen, R. A., and M. S. Siders. 1997. Spotted bat and greater western mastiff bat surveys: North Kaibab Ranger District, Kaibab National Forest.
Texas Parks and Wildlife. Nature: Western Mastiff Bat. Accessed March 24, 2005.
Williams, D. F. Mammalian Species Of Special Concern In California. California Habitat Conservation Branch, Sacramento, California. Accessed March 24, 2005.
Original account by Elizabeth D. Pierson
2005 update by Melissa S. Siders
Eumops underwoodii | Underwood's mastiff bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Cockrum, E.L. and A. L. Gardner. 1960. Underwood’s mastiff bat in Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy, 41:510-511.
Constantine, D. G. 1961. Locality records and notes on Western bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 42(3):404- 405.
Hoffmeister, D.F. 1959. Distributional records of certain mammals from southern Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist 4:14-19.
Kiser, W. M. 1995. Eumops underwoodi. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 516:1- 4.
Account by Elizabeth D. Pierson
Nyctinomops femorosaccus | pocketed free-tailed bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Kumirai, A. and J. K. Jones, Jr. 1990. Nyctinomops femorosaccus. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 349:1-5.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The bats of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin. 189 pp.
Account by Kirk Navo
Nyctinomops macrotis | big free-tailed bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Di Salvo, A. F., H. N. Newhauser and R. E. Mancke. 1992. Nyctinomops macrotis in South Carolina. Bat Research News, 33(2&3):21-22.
Milner, J., C. Jones and J. K. Jones, Jr. 1990. Nyctinomops macrotis. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 355:1-4.
Nagorsen, D. W. and R. M. Brigham. 1993. Bats of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 164 pp.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The bats of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 189 pp.
Account by Kirk Navo
Tadarida brasiliensis | Mexican free-tailed bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
McCracken, G. F. 1996. Bats aloft: a study of high-altitude feeding. Bats, 14:7-10.
McCracken, G. F., and M. K. Gustin. 1991. Nursing behavior in Mexican free-tailed bat maternity colonies. Ethology, 89(4):305-321.
McCracken, G. F., M. K. McCracken, and A. T. Vawter. 1994. Genetic structure in migratory populations of the bat Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. Journal of Mammalogy, 75(2):500-514.
Schmidley, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 188 pp.
Wilkins, K. T. 1989. Tadarida brasiliensis. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 331:1-10.
Account by Bat Conservation International
Gallery
Mormoopidae, contains bats known generally as mustached bats, ghost-faced bats, and naked-backed bats. They are found in the Americas from the southwestern United States to southeastern Brazil. They are distinguished by the presence of a leaf-like projection from their lips, instead of the nose-leaf found in many other bat species. In some species, the wing membranes join over the animal’s back, making it appear hairless. The tail projects only a short distance beyond the membrane that stretches between the hind legs.
Mormoops megalophylla | ghost-faced bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Rezsutek, M., and G.N. Cameron. 1993. Mormoops megalophylla. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 448:1-5.
Account by Bat Conservation International
Phyllostomidae (New World leaf-nosed bats) represents one of the most morphologically diverse families, comprising approximately 160 species of more than 55 genera. These extraordinary bats, whose scientific and common names derive from their ‘leaf-shaped’ noses, occur throughout Central and South America, from Mexico to northern Argentina.
Choeronycteris mexicana | Mexican long-tongued bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Arizona Game and Fish Department. 1994. Choeronycteris mexicana. Unpublished abstract compiled and edited by the Heritage Data Management System, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.
Arroyo-Cabrales, J., R. R. Hollander and J. K. Jones, Jr. 1987. Choeronycteris mexicana. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 291:1-5.
Castner, Shawn V. 1995. “Mexican long-tongued bat.” Arizona Wildlife Views. June.
Constantine, D. G. 1987. Long-tongued bat and spotted bat at Las Vegas, Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist, 32(3):392.
Cryan, P. M. and M. A. Bogan. 2003. Recurrence of Mexican long-tongued bats (Choeronycteris mexicana) at historical sites in Arizona and New Mexico. Western North American Naturalist, 63:314-319.
Fleming, T. H., Tibbitts, T., Petryszyn, Y. and V. Dalton. 2003. Current status of pollinating bats in southwestern North America. Pp. 63-68 In Monitoring trends in bat populations of the United States and territories: problems and prospects (T.J. O’Shea and M.A. Bogan, eds.). U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Discipline, Information and Technology Report, USGS/BRD/ITR–2003-0003. 274 pp.
Hoffmeister, D. R. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 602 pp.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The bats of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 189 pp.
Original account by Debra Noel
2005 update by Paul Cryan
Leptonycteris curasoae | lesser long-nosed bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Cockrum, E. L. 1991. Seasonal distribution of northwestern populations of the long-nosed bats, Leptonycteris sanborni, family Phyllostomidae. Anales Inst. Biol. Univ. Nac. Auton. Mexico, Ser. Zool., 62(2):181-202.
Cockrum, E. L., and Y. Petryszyn. 1991. The long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris: an endangered species in the Southwest? Occ. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech Univ., 142:1-32.
Cockrum, E. L., B. Musgrove, and Y. Petryszyn. 1996. Bats of Mohave County, Arizona: Populations and Movements. Occ. Papers Mus. Texas Tech Univ., 157:1-71.
Fleming, T. H. 1991. Following the nectar trail. Bats, 9(4):4-7.
Fleming, T. H. 1993. Plant-visiting bats. American Scientist, 81(5):460-467.
Fleming, T. H., R. A. Nunez and L. D. S. L. Sternberg. 1993. Seasonal changes in the diets of migrant and non-migrant nectarivorous bats as revealed by carbon stable isotope analysis. Oecologia (Heidelb), 94(1):72-75.
Hoyt, R. A., J. S. Altenbach, and D. J. Hafner. 1994. Observations on long-nosed bats (Leptonycteris) in New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 39:175-179.
Sahley, C. T., M. A. Horner, and T. H. Fleming. 1993. Flight speeds and mechanical power outputs of the nectar-feeding bat, Leptonycteris curasoae (Phyllostomidae: Glossophaginae). Journal of Mammalogy, 594-600.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1995. Lesser Long-nosed Bat Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque , New Mexico. 45 pp.
Wilkinson, G. S., and T. H. Fleming. 1996. Migration and evolution of lesser long-nosed bats Leptonycteris curasoae, inferred from mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Ecology, 5(3):329-339.
Original account by Michael Herder
2005 update by Angela McIntire
Leptonycteris nivalis | Mexican long-nosed bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Hoyt, R. A., J. S. Altenbach, and D. J. Hafner. 1994. Observations on long-nosed bats (Leptonycteris) in New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist, 39:175-179.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 188 pp.
Account by Michael Herder
Macrotis californicus | California leaf-nosed bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Anderson, S. 1969. Macrotus waterhousii. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 1:1-4.
Barbour, R. W. & Davis, W. H. 1969. Bats of America. Lexington, Ky: University of Kentucky Press.
Bell, G. P. 1985. The sensory basis of prey location by the California leaf-nosed bat Macrotus californicus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 16: 343-347.
Bell, G. P., G.A. Bartholomew, and K.A. Nagy. 1986. The roles of energetics, water economy, foraging behavior, and geothermal refugia in the distribution of the bat, Macrotus californicus. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 156: 441-450.
Berry, R.D. and P.E. Brown. 1995. [ABS]. Natural history and reproductive behavior of the California leaf- nosed bat (Macrotus californicus). Bat Research News 36(4): 49-50.
Brown, P. E., R. D. Berry, and C. Brown. 1993. [ABS].Foraging behavior of the California leaf-nosed bat, Macrotus californicus as determined by radiotelemetry. Bat Research News 34(4):104.
Brown, P. E., Berry, R. D. & Brown, C. 1995. The California leaf-nosed bat (Macrotus californicus) and American Girl Mining joint venture – impacts and solutions. Pp. 54-56 in Proceedings VI:Issues and technology in the management of impacted wildlife. Thorne Ecological Institute, Boulder, CO.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. The mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 602 pp.
Account by Patricia E. Brown
Vespertilionidae, the taxonomic family of “evening bats,” “vesper bats,” or “common bats” compose the largest family within the order Chiroptera, containing approximately 407 species of 48 genera. As the second largest mammalian family, vespertilionids occur on every continent except Antarctica. The majority of these species possess a simple face and relatively small eyes, are insectivores and rely primarily on echolocation.
Antrozous pallidus | pallid bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Chapman, K., K. McGuiness, and R.M. Brigham. 1994. Status of the pallid bat in British Columbia. B.C. Environment. Victoria, B.C. Wildlife Working Report No. WR-61. 32 pp.
COSEWIC. 2002. Canadian Species at Risk, May 2002. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 39 pp.
Fuzessary, Z.M., P. Buttenhoff, B. Andrews and J.M. Kennedy. 1993. Passive sound localization of prey by the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus). Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 171: 767-777.
Hermanson, J.W., and T.J. O’Shea. 1983. Antrozous pallidus. American Society of Mammalogists. Mammalian Species. No. 213: 1-8.
Herrera, M.L.G., T.H. Fleming and J.S. Findley 1993. Geographic variation in carbon composition of the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus, and its dietary implications. Journal of Mammalogy. 74(3): 601-606.
Johnston, D.S. 2002. [ABS]. Prey discrimination by olfactory cues in the pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus). Bat Research News. 42(4): 162.
Johnston, D.S. 2004. [ABS]. Winter roosting ecology of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) in a central California woodland forest. 2nd Bats and Forest Conference. Hot Springs, AR.
Johnston , D.S. and M.B. Fenton. 2001. Individual and population-level variability in diets of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus). Journal of Mammalogy. 82(2): 362-373.
Jones, C. 1965. Ecological distribution and activity periods of bats of the Mogollon Mountains area of New Mexico and adjacent Arizona. Tulane Studies in Zoology. 12: 93-100.
Lewis, S.E. 1993. Effect of climatic variation on reproduction by pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 71: 1429-1433.
Lewis, S.E. 1994. Night roosting ecology of pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) in Oregon . American Midland Naturalist. 132(2): 19-226.
Lewis, S.E. 1996. Low roost-site fidelity in pallid bats: associated factors and effect on group stability. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 39(5): 335-344.
Pierson, E.D., W.E. Rainey, and R.M. Miller. 1996. Night roost sampling: a window on the forest bat community in northern California. Pp. 151-163. In Bats and Forests Symposium. October 19-21, 1995. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests. Victoria, B.C. Working Paper 23/1996.
Rambaldini, D.A. 2006. Behavioural ecology of pallid bats (Chiroptera: Antrozous pallidus) in British Columbia. Unpublished report prepared for Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service, BC Ministry of Environment, Osoyoos (Nk’Mip) Indian Band, and World Wildlife Fund of Canada. 82 pp.
Rambaldini, D.A. and R.M. Brigham. 2004. Habitat use and roost selection by pallid bats (Antrozous pallidus) in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia. Unpublished report prepared for Canadian Wildlife Service, BC Ministry of Land, Water and Air Protection, Osoyoos (Nk’Mip) Indian Band, and World Wildlife Fund of Canada. 65 pp.
Rodhouse, T.J. and R.G. Wright. 2004. Study of bat roosts in John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. Unpublished report prepared for the University of Idaho and National Park Service, Upper Columbia Basin Network. Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources. Moscow, ID. 43 pp.
Tatarian, G. 2001. Successful pallid bat house design in California. BATS Magazine. Fall Issue. 9(2): 2-4.
Original account by Rick Sherwin
2005 update by Daniela A. Rambaldini
Corynorhinus townsendii | Townsend's big-eared bat
Distribution
Corynorhinus townsendii occurs throughout the west and is distributed from the southern portion of British Columbia south along the Pacific coast to central Mexico and east into the Great Plains, with isolated populations occurring in the central and eastern United States (Figure 1). It has been reported in a wide variety of habitat types ranging from sea level to 3,300 meters. Habitat associations include: coniferous forests, mixed meso-phytic forests, deserts, native prairies, riparian communities, active agricultural areas, and coastal habitat types.
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Clark, B. K., and B. S. Clark. 1997. Seasonal variation in use of caves by the endangered Ozark big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii ingens) in Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist, 137: 388-392.
Handley, C. O. 1959. A revision of the American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, 110: 95-246.
Humphrey, S.R., and T. H. Kunz. 1976. Ecology of a Pleistocene relict, the western big-eared bat (Plecotus townsendii) in the southern Great Plains. Journal of Mammalogy, 57: 470-494.
Idaho State Conservation Effort. 1995. Habitat conservation assessment and conservation strategy for the Townsend’s big-eared bat. Draft unpubl. rep. no. 1. Boise, ID, 62 pp.
Kunz, T. H., and R. A. Martin. 1982. Plecotus townsendii. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 175: 1-6.
Navo, K. W., and Krabacher, P. 2005. The use of bat gates at abandoned mines in Colorado. Bat Research News.
Pearson, O. P., M. R. Koford, and A. K. Pearson. 1952. Reproduction of the lump-nosed bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquei) in California. Journal of Mammalogy, 33: 273-320.
Piaggio, A. J., and S. L. Perkins. In review. Molecular phylogeny of North American big-eared bats (Vespertilionidae: Corynorhinus): inter- and intraspecific relationships inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
Pierson, E. D., and W. E. Rainey. 1996. The distribution, status and management of Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) in California. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Bird and Mammal Conservation Program Rep. 96-7. 49 pp.
Sherwin, R. E., D. Stricklan, and D. S. Rogers. 2000a. Roosting affinities of Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii) in northern Utah. Journal of Mammalogy, 81: 939–947.
Sherwin, R. E., W. L. Gannon, and J. S. Altenbach. 2003. Managing complex systems simply: understanding inherent variation in the use of roosts by Townsend’s big-eared bat. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 3: 62–72.
Sherwin, R. E., W. L. Gannon, J. S. Altenbach, and D. Stricklan. 2000b. Roost fidelity of Townsend’s big- eared bat in Utah and Nevada. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society, 36: 15–20.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; listing of the Virginia and Ozark Big-Eared Bats as endangered species, and critical habitat determination. Federal Register, 44: 69206-69208.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1985. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Animal Candidate Review for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register, 50: 37965.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Animal Candidate Review for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species. Federal Register, 59: 58988.
Original account by Rick Sherwin
2005 update by Antoinette Piaggio
Gallery
Eptesicus fuscus | big brown bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Betts, B. 1995. Roosting behavior of silver-haired and big brown bats in Northeast Oregon. Pp. 55-61, in Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996.
Brigham, R. M. 1991. Flexibility in foraging and roosting behaviour by the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69(1): 117-121.
Kurta, A. and R. H. Baker. 1990. Eptesicus fuscus. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 356: 1-10.
Kalcounis, M. 1994. [ABS]. Selection of tree roost sites by big brown (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown (Myotis lucifugus) and hoary (Lasiurus cinereus) bats in Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan. Bat Research News, 35(4): 103.
Perkins, J. M. 1996. Bat distribution within a managed forest. Bats and Forests Symposium, Victoria, B. C. Canada. Brigham and Barclay, eds. Pp. 164-174, in Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996.
Vonhof, M. 1995. Roosting ecology and roost-site preferences of reproductive Eptesicus fuscus and Lasionycteris noctivagans in the Pend D’Oreille Valley in southern British Columbia. Pp. 62-80, in Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996.
Whitaker, J. O., Jr. 1995. Food of the big brown bat Eptesicus fuscus from maternity colonies in Indiana and Illinois. American Midland Naturalist, 134(2): 346-360.
Account by Mark Perkins
Euderma maculatum | spotted bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Fenton, M. B., D. C. Tennant, and J. Wyszecki. 1987. Using echolocation calls to measure the distribution of bats: the case of Euderma maculatum. Journal of Mammalogy, 68(1): 142-144.
Fullard, J. H., and J. W. Dawson. 1997. The echolocation calls of the spotted bat Euderma maculatum are relatively inaudible to moths. Journal of Experimental Biology, 200(1): 129-137.
Geluso, K. 2000. Distribution of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in Nevada, including notes on reproduction. Southwestern Naturalist 45(3): 347-352.
Gitzen, R. A., S. D. West, and J. A. Baumgardt. 2001. A record of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) from Crescent Bar, Washington. Northwestern Naturalist, 82(1): 28-30.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. The mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ 602 pp.
Leonard, M. L., and M. B. Fenton. 1983. Habitat use by spotted bats (Euderma maculatum, Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae): roosting and foraging behavior. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61(7): 1487-1491.
Luce, R.J. and D. Keinath. 2005. Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum): A Technical Conservation Assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region Species Conservation Project. 78pp. In review.
Navo, K. W., J. A. Gore, and G. T. Skiba. 1992. Observations on the spotted bat, Euderma maculatum, in northwestern Colorado. Journal of Mammalogy, 73(3): 547-551.
O’Farrell, M. J. 1981. Status report: Euderma maculatum (J.S. Allen). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species. 29pp.
Pierson, E. D., and W. E. Rainey. 1998. Distribution of the spotted bat, Euderma maculatum, in California. Journal of Mammalogy, 79(4): 1296-1305.
Poche, R. M. 1981. Ecology of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in southwest Utah. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City, Utah. Publ. No. 81-1. 63pp.
Poche, R. M., and G. A. Ruffner. 1975. Roosting behavior of male Euderma maculatum from Utah. Great Basin Naturalist, 35(1): 121-122.
Poche, R. M., and G. L. Bailie. 1974. Notes on the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) from southwest Utah. Great Basin Naturalist, 34(4): 254-256.
Priday, J., and B. Luce. 1999. New distributional records for spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist, 59(1): 97-101.
Rabe, M. J., M. S. Siders, C. R. Miller, and T. K. Snow. 1998. Long foraging distance for a spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in northern Arizona. The Southwestern Naturalist, 43(2): 266-269.
Rodhouse, T. J., M. F. McCaffrey, and R. G. Wright. Distribution, foraging behavior, and capture results of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in central Oregon. Western North American Naturalist, 65(2): In press.
Ruffner, G. A., R. M. Poche, M. M. Meierkord, and J. A. Neal. 1979. Winter bat activity over a desert wash in southwestern Utah. The Southwestern Naturalist, 24(3): 447-453.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 188 pp.
Snow, T. K., S. V. Castner, S. R. MacVean, C. R. Miller, and D. C. Noel. 1996. Spotted bat survey of the North Kaibab Ranger District (Coconino County, Arizona). Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 102. Arizona Game and Fish Department. Phoenix, Arizona. 26pp.
Storz, J. F. 1995. Local distribution and foraging behavior of the spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) in northwestern Colorado and adjacent Utah. Great Basin Naturalist, 55(1): 78-83.
Wai-Ping, V., and M. B. Fenton. 1989. Ecology of spotted bat (Euderma maculatum) roosting and foraging behavior. Journal of Mammology 70(3): 617-622.
Watkins, L. C. 1977. Euderma maculatum. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 77: 1-4.
Woodsworth, G. C., G. P. Bell, and M. B. Fenton. 1981. Observations of the echolocation, feeding behavior, and habitat use of Euderma maculatum (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Southcentral British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 59(6): 1099-1102.
Original account by Bob Luce
2005 update by Carol Chambers and Michael Herder
Idionycteris phyllotis | Allen's big-eared bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Brown, P. E., and R. D. Berry. 2001. Identification and protection of roosts of lappet-browed bats, Idionycteris phyllotis. Report submitted to BCI for NABCP 1999 project.
Brown, P. E., and R. D. Berry. 2004. Foraging habitat and home range of Allen’s big-eared bat (Idionycteris phyllotis) in the Arizona Desert as determined by radio-telemetry. Bat Research News, 45: 207-208.
Cockrum, E. L., and B. G. Musgrove. 1964. Additional records of the Mexican big-eared bat, Plecotus phyllotis (Allen), from Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy, 45: 472-74.
Cockrum, E. L., B. Musgrove, and Y. Petryszyn. 1996. Bats of Mohave County, Arizona: populations and movements. Occasional Papers. The Museum, Texas Tech University, 157: 1-71.
Commissaris, L.R. 1961. The Mexican big-eared bat in Arizona. Journal of Mammalogy, 42: 61-65.
Czaplewski, N. J. 1983. Idionycteris phyllotis. Mammalian Species, 208: 1-4.
Hinman, K. E., and T. K. Snow, eds. 2003. Arizona Bat Conservation Strategic Plan. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 213. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona . University of Arizona , Tucson . 602 pp.
Morrell, T. E., M. J. Rabe, J. C. DeVos, Fr., H. Green, and C. R. Miller. 1999. Bats captured in two ponderosa pine habitats in north-central Arizona. Southwestern Naturalist, 44: 501-506.
O’Farrell, M. J., and W. G. Bradley. 1969. A new bat record, Plecotus phyllotis, from Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy, 50:128.
Rabe, M. J., T. E. Morrell, H. Green, J. C. DeVos, Jr., and C. R. Miller. 1998. Characteristics of ponderosa pine snag roosts used by reproductive bats in northern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62: 612-621.
Simmons, J. A., and M. J. O’Farrell. 1977. Echolocation by the long-eared bat, Plecotus phyllotis. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 122: 201-214.
Tumlison, R. 1993. Geographic variation in the Lappet-eared bat, Idionycteris phyllotis, with descriptions of subspecies. Journal of Mammalogy, 74(2): 412-421.
Tumlison, R., and M. Douglas. 1992. Parsimony analysis and phylogeny of the plecotine bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 73: 276-285.
Original account by Michael J. O’Farrell
2005 update by Patricia Brown and Lyle Lewis
Lasionycteris noctivagans | silver-haired bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Betts, B. J. 1996. Roosting behaviour of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in northeast Oregon. Pp. 55-61, in R. M. R. Barclay and M. R. Brigham, ed. Bats and Forest Symposium, October 19-21,1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.
Campbell, L. A., J. G. Hallett, and M. A. O’Connell. 1996. Conservation of bats in managed forests: use of roosts by Lasionycteris noctivagans. Journal of Mammalogy, 77: 976-984.
Cross, S. P., Editor. 1976. A survey of bat populations and their habitat preferences in Southern Oregon. An SOSC of the NSF Unpub. Rept. 89 pp.
Kunz, T. H. Lasionycteris noctivagans. 1982. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 172: 1-5.
Mattson, T. A., S. W. Buskirk, and N. L. Stanton. 1996. Roost sites of the silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) in the Black Hills, South Dakota. The Great Basin Naturalist, 56: 247-253.
Perkins, J. M. and S. P. Cross. 1988. Differential use of some coniferous forest habitats by hoary and silver- haired bats in Oregon. Murrelet, 69: 21-24.
Perkins, J. M. and S. P. Cross. 1982. Sexual differentiation in migratory patterns of Lasionycteris noctivagans in Oregon and Washington. Paper presented to the 22nd annual North American Symposium on bat research, Austin, TX.
Vonhof, M. J. 1996. Roost-site preference of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) in the Pend d’Oreille Valley in southern British Columbia. Pp. 62-80, in R. M. R. Barclay and M. R. Brigham, edS. Bats and Forest Symposium, October 19-21,1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia.
Vonhof, M. J. & Barclay, R. M. R. 1996. Roost-site selection and roosting ecology of forest-dwelling bats in southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74:1797-1805.
Account by Mark Perkins
Lasiurus blossevillii | western red bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Baker, R. J., J. C. Patton, H. H. Genoways, and J. W. Bickham. 1988. Genic studies of Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Occas. Pap. Mus. Tex. Tech Univ., 117(00): 1-15.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. The mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 602 pp.
Morales, J. C., and J. W. Bickham 1995. Molecular systematics of the genus Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on restriction-site maps of the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Journal of Mammalogy, 76(3): 730-749.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The bats of Texas. Vol. University of Texas Press, Austin. 189 pp.
Shump, K. A. , Jr., and A. U. Shump. 1982. Lasiurus borealis. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 183: 1-6.
Account by Betsy C. Bolster
Lasiurus cinereus | hoary bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Barclay, R. M. R. 1985. Long- versus short-range foraging strategies of hoary (Lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) bats and the consequences for prey selection. Can. J. Zool. 63: 2507-2515.
Barclay, R. M. R. 1985 -1986. Foraging strategies of silver haired (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and hoary (Lasiurus cinereus) bats. Myotis 23-24: 161-166.
Hickey, C. B. 1990. Use of torpor by free-living Lasiurus cinereus. Bat Research News, 30(4): 67.
Perkins, J. M., and S. P. Cross. 1988. Differential use of some coniferous forest habitats by hoary and silver-haired bats in Oregon. Murrelet 69: 21-24.
Shump, K. A., Jr., and A. U. Shump. 1982. Lasiurus cinereus. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 185: 1-5.
Account by Betsy C. Bolster
Lasiurus xanthinus | western yellow bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Baker, R. J., J. C. Patton, H. H. Genoways, and J. W. Bickham. 1988. Genetic studies of Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Occasional Papers. The Museum, Texas Technical University, 117: 1-15.
Brown, P. E. 1996. Bat Survey of the Bill Williams River. AGFD Heritage Fund Project I93073, Administered by Lake Havasu BLM.
Constantine, D. G. 1998. Range extensions of ten species of bats in California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science, 97: 49-75.
Higginbotham, J. L., L. K. Ammerman, and M. T. Dixon. 1999. First record of Lasiurus xanthinus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist, 44: 343-347.
Higginbotham, J. L., M. T. Dixon, and L. K. Ammerman. 2000. Yucca provides roost for Lasiurus xanthinus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Texas. Southwestern Naturalist, 45: 338-340.
Kurta, A., and G. C. Lehr. 1995. Lasiurus ega. Mammalian Species, 515: 1-7.
Mirowsky, K. 1997. Bats in palms: precarious habitat. Bats, 15: 1-6.
Morales, J. C., and J. W. Bickham. 1995. Molecular systematics of the genus Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on restriction-site maps of the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Journal of Mammalogy, 76: 730-749.
O’Farrell, M. J., J. A. Williams, and B. Lund. 2004. Western yellow bat (Lasiurus xanthinus) in southern Nevada. The Southwestern Naturalist, 49: 514-518.
Williams, J. A. 2001. Community structure and habitat use by bats in the upper Moapa Valley, Clark County, Nevada. Unpublished M.A.S. Thesis. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 39pp. + Appendices.
Original account by Betsy C. Bolster
2005 update by Jason A. Williams
Lasiurus ega | southern yellow bat
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Myotis auriculus | southwestern myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Hoffmeister, D.F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. The University of Arizona Press and The Arizona Game and Fish Department, Tucson, Arizona, 602pp.
Husar, S.L. 1976. Behavioral character displacement: Evidence of food partitioning in insectivorous bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 57: 331-338.
Warner, R.M. 1982. Myotis auriculus. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 191: 1-3.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Myotis californicus | California myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Bogan, M. A. 1975. Geographic variation in Myotis californicus in the southwestern United States and Mexico. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife Research Report 3: 1-31.
Bogan, M. A. In Press. Myotis californicus. In: Book of North American Mammals, D. E. Wilson, ed. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C.
Brigham, R. M., M. J. Vonhof, R. M. R. Barclay, and J. C. Gwilliam. 1997. Roosting behavior and roost- site preferences of forest-dwelling California bats (Myotis californicus). Journal of Mammalogy, 78(4): 1231-1239.
Simpson, M. R. 1993. Myotis californicus. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 428: 1-4.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Myotis ciliolabrum | western small-footed myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Bogan, M. A. 1974. Identification of Myotis californicus and M. leibii in southwestern North America. Proceedings Biological Society Washington, 87: 49-56.
Bogan, M. A. In Press. Myotis ciliolabrum. In: Mammals of North of America, D. E. Wilson, ed. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C.
van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1984. Taxonomic relationships of Nearctic small-footed bats of the Myotis leibii group (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae). Canadian Journal Zoology 62: 2519-2526.
van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1985. Handbook of Canadian mammals; 2, bats. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, 212 pp.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Myotis evotis | long-eared myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Faure, P.A. and R.M.R. Barclay. 1994. Substrate-gleaning versus aerial-hawking: plasticity in the foraging and echolocation behaviour of the long-eared bat, Myotis evotis. Journal Comparative Physiology 174: 651-660.
Manning, R.W. 1993. Systematics and evolutionary relationships of the long-eared myotis, Myotis evotis (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae). Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University No. 37, 1-58pp.
Manning, R.W. and J.K. Jones, Jr. 1989. Myotis evotis. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 329: 1-5.
Vonhof, M. J. & Barclay, R. M. R. 1996. Roost-site selection and roosting ecology of forest-dwelling bats in southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 74: 1797-1805.
Vonhof, M. J. and R. M. Barclay 1997. Use of tree stumps as roosts by the western long-eared bat. Journal of Wildlife Management, 61: 674-684.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Myotis keenii | Keen's myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Chatwin, T.A., M. Davis, and D. Nagorsen. 1997. [ABS]. Bat usage of the Weymer Creek cave system on northern Vancouver Island, Canada. Bat Research News 38(3). In Press.
Nagorsen, D. W. and R. M. Brigham 1993. Bats of British Columbia. Vol. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 164 pp.
Parker, D.I., J.A. Cooko,. and S.W. Lewis. 1996. Effects of timber harvest on bat activity in southeasetern Alaska’s temperate rainforests. Pp. 277-292 in R. M. R. Barclay and M. R. Brigham, eds. Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996.
van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1985. Handbook of Canadian mammals. Vol. 2: Bats. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Ontario. 212 pp.
Account by J. Wenger
Myotis lucifugus | little brown myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Adams, R. A. 1990. Biogeography of bats in Colorado – ecological implications of species tolerances. Bat Research News 31: 17-21.
Fenton, M. B. and R. M. R. Barclay 1980. Myotis lucifugus. Mammal. Species 142: 1-8.
Herd, R. M. and M. B. Fenton 1983. An electrophoretic, morphological, and ecological investigation of a putative hybrid zone between Myotis lucifugus and Myotis yumanensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Can. J. Zool. 61: 2029-2050.
Nagorsen, D. W. and R. M. Brigham 1993. Bats of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
Jones, J. K., D. M. Armstrong, R. S. Hoffmann ,and C. Jones. 1982. Mammals of the Northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 379 pp.
Thomas, D. W. and S. D. West. 1991. Forest age associations of bats in the southern Washington Cascade and Oregon coast ranges. U.S. Forest Service. General Technical Reports PNW 295-303.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The bats of Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin. 189 pp.
van Zyll de Jong, C. G. 1985. Handbook of Canadian mammals. Vol. 2: Bats. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa. 212 pp.
Account by William E. Rainey
Myotis occultus | Arizona myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Castner, S. V., T. K. Snow, and D. C. Noel. 1994. Bat Inventory and Monitoring in Arizona 1992-1994. Arizona Game and Fish Department. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program. Technical Report 54. 1-32.
Cockrum, E. L., B. Musgrove, and Y. Petryszyn. 1996. Bats of Mohave County, Arizona: Populations and Movements. Occasional Papers, the Museum, Texas Tech University, 157: 1-71.
Findley, J. S., and C. Jones. 1967. Taxonomic relationships of the bats of the species Myotis fortidens, M. lucifugus, and M. occultus. Journal of Mammalogy, 48: 429-444.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. The mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 602 pp.
Lutch, D., and W. H. Miller. 1996. [ABS]. Roost site charcteristics for Antrozous pallidus, Eptesicus fuscus, and Myotis occultus in a central Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Abstracts. Four Corners Regional Bat Conference. Durango, CO.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 188 pp.
Account by Susan Murdock
Myotis septentrionalis | northern myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Jones, J. K. Jr., D.M. Armstrong, R.S. Hoffman, and C. Jones. 1983. Mammals of the Northern Great Plains. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 379pp.
Sasse, D.B. and P. J. Pekins. 1996. Summer roosting ecology of northern long-eared bats (Myotis septentrionalis) in the White Mountain National Forest. Pp. 91-101 in Bats and forests symposium, R.M. R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, eds. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C., Working Paper 23/1996
van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1979. Distribution and systematic relationships of long-eared Myotis in western Canada. Canadian Journal Zoology 57: 987-994.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Myotis thysanodes | fringed myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Survey Methods
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Cryan, P.M., M. A. Bogan, and G. M. Yanega. 2001. Roosting habits of four bat species in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Acta Chiropterologica, 3: 43-52.
Mannings, R. W., and J. K. Jones. 1988. A new subspecies of fringed Myotis, Myotis thysanodes, from the northwestern coast of the United States. Occasional Papers. The Museum, Texas Technical University, 123: 1-6.
O’Farrell, M. J., and E. H. Studier. 1980. Myotis thysanodes. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 137: 1-5.
Rabe, M. J., T. E. Morrell, H. Green, J. C. DeVos, Jr., and C. R. Miller. 1998. Characteristics of ponderosa pine snag roosts used by reproductive bats in northern Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62: 612-621.
Weller, T. J., and C. J. Zabel. 2001. Characteristics of fringed myotis day roosts in northern California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65: 489-497.
Original account by Pete Bradley and Mark Ports
2005 update by Theodore J. Weller
Myotis velifer | cave myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Fitch, J.H., K.A. Shump, J.R., and A.U. Shump. 1981. Myotis velifer. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 149: 1-5.
Hayward, B.J. 1961. The natural history of the cave bat, Myotis velifer. Unpublished dissertation, University of Arizona.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. The mammals of Arizona. Vol. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. 602 pp.
Jackson, J. , B.J. Scharden, C. D. Cooley, and B.E. Rowe. 1982. Cave myotis roosting in barn swallow nests. Journal of Mammalogy, 27: 463-464.
Kunz, T. H. 1974. Feeding ecology of a temperate insectivorous bat (Myotis velifer). Ecology, 55(4): 693- 711.
Pitts, R.M., and J.J. Scharninghausen. 1986. Use of cliff swallow and barn swallow nests by the cave bat, Myotis velifer, and the free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis. The Texas Journal of Science, 38: 265-266.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 188 pp.
Stager, K. 1939. Status of Myotis velifer in California, with notes on its life history. Journal of Mammalogy, 20: 225-228.
Account by Kathy Peckham
Myotis volans | long-legged myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Ormsbee, P.C. 1996. Characteristics, use, and distribution of day roosts selected by female Myotis volans (long-legged myotis) in forested habitat of the central Oregon Cascades. Pp. 124-131 in Bats and forests symposium, R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, eds. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C., Working Paper 23/1996.
Parker, D.I., J.A. Cook, and S.W. Lewis. 1996. Effects of timber harvest on bat activity in southeastern Alaska’s temperate rainforests. Pp. 277-292 in Bats and forests symposium, R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham, eds. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Research Branch, Victoria, B.C., Working Paper 23/1996.
Warner, R.M. and N.J. Czaplewski. 1984. Myotis volans. American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species, 224: 1-4.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Myotis yumanensis | Yuma myotis
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Betts, B. J. 1997. Microclimate in Hell’s Canyon mines used by maternity colonies of Myotis yumanensis. Journal of Mammalolgy, 78: 1240-1250.
Brigham, R. M., H. D. J. N. Aldridge, and R. L. Mackey. 1992. Variation in habitat use and prey selection by yuma bats, Myotis yumanensis. Journal of Mammalogy, 73(3): 640-645.
Harris, A.H. 1974. Myotis yumanensis in interior southwestern North America, with comments on Myotis lucifugus. Journal Mammalogy 55: 589-607.
Hoffmeister, D.F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press and Arizona Game and Fish Department, Tucson, 602 pp.
Pierson, E.D., W.E. Rainey, and R.M. Miller. 1996. Night roost sampling: a window on the forest bat community in northern California. Pp. 151-163 in R. M. R. Barclay and M. R. Brigham, eds. Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Working Paper 23/1996.
Account by M. A. Bogan, E. W. Valdez, and K.W. Navo
Parastrellus hesperus | western pipistrelle
Distribution
Status
Identifying Characteristics and Life History
Threats
Gaps in Knowledge
Selected Literature
Barbour, R. W., and W. H. Davis. 1969. Bats of America. University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY, 286 pp.
Bradley, W. G., and M. J. O’Farrell. 1969. Temperature relationships of the western pipistrelle (Pipistrellus hesperus). Pp. 85-96, in C. C. Hoff and M. L. Riedesel, eds. Physiological systems in semiarid environments, Univ. New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, NM.
Hayward, B. J., and S. P. Cross. 1979. The natural history of Pipistrellus hesperus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Western New Mexico Univiersity. Office of Research, 3: 1-36.
Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. The mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 602 pp.
Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The Bats of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX, 188 pp.
Account by Patricia E. Brown